As such, recombinant binders are made to complement antibody-based fields of application or even enable completely new and innovative experiments. Such binders are either recombinantly generated immunoglobulin derivatives or synthetically designed from very different protein scaffolds. In addition, antibodies are essential to a vast range of biochemical analyses, including classic diagnostic techniques, such as Western blots and ELISA, but also to systems biology methods, such as mass spectrometry and ChIP-Seq (chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing Kidder et al., 2011), in which antibodies mediate the initial purification of the biological specimen.Īlthough conventional full-length antibodies are still the most widely used binding reagents for biochemistry and cell biology applications, their complex structural organization and their tedious manufacturing procedures have urged the development of new, alternative binding reagents. For example, fluorescently labeled antibodies have been crucial staining reagents in molecular imaging techniques to reveal information on subcellular localization, abundance, and molecular interactions of biological antigens of interest. Their ability to bind specifically to antigens such as proteins and even their posttranslational modifications (PTMs) has been exploited extensively to interrogate cellular function. One class of probes that has been pivotal to modern cell biology is antibodies. Deciphering the inner workings of the cell requires specific molecular probes to measure the spatial and temporal dynamics of cellular structures.
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